danaids and dircae

It is very possible that this was the house of St. Clement himself. This may be a new way of thinking for a lot of you. . can be read possibly as Phileas (Phileam) according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Last edited on 27 December 2022, at 03:05, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, "Interleaved Greek and English text (translation by Gillian Newing)". I will attempt to outline some of the points I found of particular interest in his article. I would also like to point out one serious flaw in Shaws argument, relating to his desire to keep the Tacitean passage as essentially authentic, but constituting a misinterpretation by Tacitus time about a Neronian event. And more? | Privacy Policy In November, he took the first steps in composing the Community's own draft programme. 5 (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) . (The latter is a phenomenon which Tertullian is one of the earliest to focus on, yet without appealing to any Great Fire controversy. 1) Acts 11:26 gives a historical kernel and is not anachronistic. According to Hurtado: It was a crime that both people and gods would punish. In Greek mythology, the Danades ( / dne.diz /; Greek: ), also Danaides or Danaids, were the fifty daughters of Danaus. 25. ", Aelian, Historical Miscellany 12. available online @ http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/14213, Your email address will not be published. Your voice is unique. A third list was provided by the English antiquarian, Henry Ellis which was derived from Hyginus. His views are at bottom mere apologetics, anyway as you yourself comment with respect to point 2. Through jealousy women were made to appear as Danaids and Dircae, suffering terrible and unholy indignities; they finished the race of faith unshaken and received a noble reward, weak in the body though they were. You may copy, but not sell this information. As Peter wrote,"I think it is right, as long as I am in this tabernacle [this body], stir you up by reminding you" (2 Pet. To get rid of the rumour, Nero found and provided the defendants, and he afflicted with the most refined punishments those persons whom, hated for their shameful acts, Christians were afflicted with punishments, a type of men of a new and evil, What seems to have happened under Claudius and then again under Nero is the temporary banishment of some Jewish sectarians from the city of Rome, but not, in any event, persons who would logically have been labelled at the time as a new and evil, At the time, and indeed up to the decades after 100 C.E., among Roman writers, including Tacitus, it was the Jews rather than the Christians whose beliefs and practices were being labelled a. He was accused of inflicting horrible martyrdoms on the Christians, and thus the legend in its latest form reached the Chronicle of Sulpicius. To get rid of the rumour, Nero found and provided the defendants, and he afflicted with the most refined punishments those persons whom, hated for their shameful acts, the common people were accustomed to call Chrestiani. Danaides And Dircae Quotes & Sayings Enjoy reading and share 5 famous quotes about Danaides And Dircaewith everyone. [T]he name Chrestus is a very common one, no ancient source makes the identification with Christians, certainly not Suetonius (p. 102). never happened. Nouvelles Considerations, pp. He lamented the lack of any known precedents for how this group ought to be treated. He wrote of one of several episodes of people in the East gaining following by falsely claiming to be Nero returning to re-claim theempire. "When Alexandros [Alexander the Great] the son of Philippos led his forces against Thebes the gods sent them signs and portents presaging their imminent fate . Neros spectacular executions of large numbers of Christians in the aftermath of the fire that raged through the city of Rome in July of 64 is commonly regarded as a foundational event in the history of Christian martyrdom. At the time, and indeed up to the decades after 100 C.E., among Roman writers, including Tacitus, it was the Jews rather than the Christians whose beliefs and practices were being labelled a superstitio, albeit not a novel one. The first part of the article explores the context in which these designations appear. Slingerland proceeds to take on the notorious crux in Suet. I use this newsletter to send Bible studies as much as once per week, sometimes less, but never more. Chapter VI.Continuation. 2:6-7). Envy has alienated wives from their husbands, and changed that saying of our father Adam, "This is now bone of my . Presuming this much to be true, one might then further speculate about what was happening to the women concerned. Its the prohibition against knowing, Interestingly, 80% of Israeli Christians say that the Israeli government is insincere in pursuing peace (against 72% of Israeli Muslims)., You can also remember Ladon guarding the garden of the Hesperides https://www.theoi.com/Titan/Hesperides.html, Hi Diana and everyone else. Your email address will not be published. Before the wedding, he presented each of his daughters a dagger and instructed them to kill their husbands in their wedding night. Ian Kershaw, What a great privilege it is to be here Bonnie L. Oscarson, My mother, sister and I watched through the windows as my father gambled. In the Metamorphoses, [1] Ovid refers to them as the Belides after their grandfather Belus. As far as you are concerned, I've gone beyond the childish, I've transmuted it and saved it, by embodying it in myth. Thats the start. Cf. I have just sent this letter to the New York Review of books. to remind ourselves.". He himself loathed Nero. 25. Danaus built a ship with fifty oars and fled to Greece with his fifty daughters. 20:28). In general, you are always free to use a paragraph or two from anyone's work with attribution. Around the turn of the century, then, an identifiable group, disruptive to the social order and known as Christians, were coming to the notice of the ruling classes. Dionysos afterwards transformed her into the spring for she had been a devoted follower of the god. Tacitus composed this passage approximately at the end of the second decade of the second century, perhaps assembling notes and other research earlier in the years after 110 C.E. This second group were singled out because others believed they had a general hatred for humankind. Sheffield Phoenix Press. smuggled the dramatic account of this persecution into the Annals of Tacitus, and thus secured the acceptance as historical fact of a purely imaginary story. The Myth of the Neronian Persecution. Greek text available from the same website, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danades&oldid=1129780773, Archedice, along with her sister Helice and two others, chosen by lot by the rest, had founded the temple of Lindian, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 03:05. Copyright 2023 Famous Quotes & Sayings. Learn how your comment data is processed. Without doubt, Danaus brought her in front of the Argos court. This conclusion is based on subsequent Christian writings, in particular that of Lactantius. Let us take the noble examples furnished in our own generation. However, Shaw stresses the importance of recognising the passage is the only source for the involvement of Christians with the fire and their persecution in its aftermath.. Some authors offer the one version, some the other. Next sacrifices were made to the gods and the books of the Sybil were consulted, according to which supplications were made to Vulcan, Ceres, and Proserpina. The gods Athena and Hermes purified them at the command of Zeus. Dirke was originally the wife of King Lykos (Lycus) of Thebes who, as punishment for the mistreatment of her niece Antiope, was tied to a wild bull and torn limb from limb. Note what Arthur Drews said in The Roman Witneses; Tacitus in The Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus:, Chicago, The Open Court Publishing Co. (c1912) , Finally, there is the complete silence of profane writers and the vagueness of the Christian writers on the matter; the latter only gradually come to make a definite statement of a general persecution of the Christians under Nero, whereas at first they make Nero put to death only Peter and Paul. In the most common version of the myth, all but one of them killed their husbands on their wedding night, and are condemned to spend eternity carrying water in a sieve or perforated device. Myths that Nero would one-day return to overthrow his enemies had circulated. What seems to have happened under Claudius and then again under Nero is the temporary banishment of some Jewish sectarians from the city of Rome, but not, in any event, persons who would logically have been labelled at the time as a new and evil superstitio, words which were used only much later by Roman officials to label Christians. They first made a stop in Rhodes, where they founded Lindos town and built a temple to goddess Athena Lindia. The passage indeed implies that Chrestus the impulsor was in Rome when these events transpired. It is noteworthy that Poggio Bracciolini* seems by some lucky chance to have discovered and read this manuscript (work quoted, p. 225). This great massacre was unbelievable, even for the bloody ancient Greek myths. Tacitus does not believe the Christians were guilty, but at the same time he never tells us who he thinks wereculpable. She felt pity for her husband, Lynceus, and spared his life. Belus was believed to be a descendant of Io, a princess of Argos who lived most of her life in Egypt. when he had completed his Histories. [Many ingenious conjectures might be cited; but see Jacobson's valuable note, Patres Apostol., . 3 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44. This is quite improbable. It is a great reminder for us today that if we are not repenting, we are not going to be among his beloved. They were to marry the 50 sons of Danaus' twin brother Aegyptus, a mythical king of Egypt. As Slingerland points out, more fully than any predecessor, the name appears with reasonable frequency in the epigraphic evidence, encompassing persons of freedman or free born status, some of lowly origin, some of relatively prominent station. The key reference here isBarnes, T. D. 2010: Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, Tubingen. The forty-nine brides who killed their husband were punished for their crime. Another move of this kind, as we have just noted, is the transfer of the hatred of humankind label to Christians, probably made in parallel with the use of the specific name of Chrestiani for them. Through envy, those women, the Danaids and Dircae, being persecuted, after they had suffered terrible and unspeakable torments, finished the course of their faith with steadfastness, and though weak in body, received a noble reward. (MSG, 20:207.) Subsequently, the author provides his interpretation of the allegoric names Danads suggesting that it was given to Christian women who, for religious reasons, refused or reduced sexual relations with their pagan husbands a motif quite frequently met in ancient Christian literature. In this chapter, Clement calls God's desire for the repentance of sinners a "gracious declaration." Danaus was angered that his daughter refused to do as he ordered and took her to the Argives courts. Contents 1 Family 2 Mythology 3 In Roman culture 4 Notes 5 References At this point Tacitus introduces the episode about the Christians. The infants were exposed, but a neatherd found and reared them, and he called the one Zethos (Zethus) and the other Amphion . These were the measures devised by human planning [i.e. Let us set before our eyes the illustrious apostles. It seems as if official science is here again, as in so many other cases, under the dominion of a long-continued suggestion, in taking the narrative of Tacitus to be genuine without further examination. But if Tacitus was picking up on an initial development of that myth in the interval between Nero in 64 CE and himself (writing only a decade or so into the 2nd century), it is virtually impossible to believe that Christians themselves would not have picked up on this development (they would hardly have remained ignorant of it for so long) and embraced it as a prime example of the establishments persecution of their new faith. Afterwards, they remarried by choosing their mates in footraces (or their father bestowed them to the victors of the athletic contest[2]). Argive ancestor For having been seduced by Zeus, Io, a native from Argos, was severely punished by the god's jealous wife Hera, who pursued her all over the world. Through envy, those women, the Danaids and Dircae, being persecuted, after they had suffered terrible and unspeakable torments, finished the course of their faith with stedfastness, and though weak in body, received a noble reward. We saw the phrase "grace of repentance" in the last chapter. I think it expands, and contributes to, the effort in honouring Thomas that we with Lukasz originally had in mind with this volume. Dirke was probably the same as the nymphe Derketis. In a fit of despondency Nykteus killed himself, after charging Lykos (Lycus) to punish Epopeus and Antiope. Neil is the author of this post. Parts came from written records about the fire, and oral recollections; others came from contemporary cognizance of imperial administrators about such an identifiable and threatening group, and still others were further contemporary sources that linked the Christians with Nero. And given that the penalties imposed upon these Christians in the days of Nero were associated with a mishmash of other legal restrictions and not with the Fire, wecan accept that Suetonius knew nothing of Christians being singled out for dire punishment because of the Fire. Where to eat? And this evidence, focusing its special emphasis on the Christians and the execution of their leader under Pontius Pilatus in the reign of Tiberius, appears to have come to his attention after he wrote the Histories. DIRKE (Dirce) was the Naiad-nymph of the spring of Dirke near Thebes in Boiotia (central Greece). . Anyone interested in becoming a professional umpire and becoming eligible to work in the minor leagues must attend one of the two umpire schools sanctioned by Major League Baseball. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. These things, beloved, we write unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty, but also to remind ourselves. I will gloss over the details of Shawsarguments for the above and move on to the account by the Roman historian Tacitus of Neros persecution of the Christians in the wake of the Great Fire ofRome in 64 C.E. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) The gaps are striking lacunae in the knowledge of a senator from Italy, frequently resident in or near the imperial capital, who was well informed on these matters, if in fact Christians had been found guilty of a monstrous crime against the Roman state in the mid-60s. I shall not attempt to suggest why Jews or Christians might have thought badly of this imperial Apollo, especially as in currently predominant fashion the former could never have done wrong and the latter can never do right; and trust also that this doesnt provoke a tedious academic Armageddon over the real identity of 666. Wilson) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to 3rd A.D.) : Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 7 (trans. Only one of the girls, Hypermnestra, did not commit this horrible crime. It was a crime that both people and gods would punish. Eusebius, Hist. The following two tabs change content below. ", Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 7 (trans. . Dirce Amphion and Zethus subject Dirce to the bull (from the House of the Vettii, Pompeii) Dirce ( / drsi /; Ancient Greek: , pronounced [drk], modern Greek [irci], meaning "double" or "cleft") was a queen of Thebes as the wife of Lycus in Greek mythology . The list in the Bibliotheca[3] preserves not only the names of brides and grooms but also those of their mothers. God proved for over a thousand years of working with Israel that we humans are prone neither to repentance doing good. Then, Danaus and his daughters reached Argos, the birthplace of his great-grand-mother, the Argian princess Io. Jim Evans How much further than that you can go has never been defined by law. Paul, according to Acts, was in trouble not for being a Christian but for being a disturber of the peace. Slingerland reaches a proper and salutary conclusion: the burden of proof rests with those who wish to identify Chrestus with Christ, not those who distinguish them (pp 169-217). Where to stay? Do you have a question about Greece and the Greek islands? The Neronian persecution first appears full-blown in Sulpicius Severus, a Christian historian writing around 400 CE. Similar terminology is used in the New Testament. The entirety of his focus in condemning Nero concentrates on the preaching of Peter and Paul at Rome and the effects of their ideas in the city. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 2:5). Then notice Tacitus explaining to his readers that these Christians were just as people in his own day thought of them the harbingers of a new and degraded form of superstitio. .The Sybilline Oracles believed the legend that Nerowas a Once and Future Kinga villain in the West but a hero in the Eastwho would one day return at the head of the Parthian armies to destroy the Roman Empire. The first unequivocal mention of the Neronian persecution in connection with the burning of Rome is found in the forged correspondence of Seneca and the apostle Paul, which belongs to the fourth century. . I discuss the atonement (somewhat) thoroughly in chapter 8 of Rebuilding the Foundations. Tertullian was born the son of a Roman Centurion in Carthage around 150 AD. In the Gospel of John there was a prophecy that Peter would meet an undesirable fate and it seemed appropriate that he should die by crucifixion as hadJesus. He and Tacitus were junior senators in the time of Domitian when the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers. Owing to envy, Paul also obtained the reward of patient endurance, after being seven times thrown into captivity, compelled to flee, and stoned. Such modest modernizings occur outside of this particular passage, however, and so are typical of the writer. And it will not do to save the Christian hypothesis by postulating Suetonius ignorance. They should carry jugs of water and fill a basin. Several other martyrs. happen to be some of the most astute and well-read amateurs you can read on the internet on the subject of biblical historicity. In a footnote Holmes explains the reference to Danaids and Dircae: "[I]n ancient mythology the daughters of Danaus were given as prizes to the winners of a race; thus it is likely that this is a reference to Christian women being raped prior to being martyred. Most Americans tend to think of religion as something rather fluid. 3 (trans. The reason for Nero attacking the Christians (including the deaths of Peter and Paul), according to Lactantius, was the same as we read of in Plinys correspondence: the pagan cults were being abandoned because of the success of Christian preaching. 3) 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero. All his daughters had to obey their father, because disobeying to your parents was a great wrongdoing in the ancient world. In the classical tradition, they came to represent the futility of a repetitive task that can never be completed (see also Sisyphus and Ocnus). Paul says that he went throughout the world preaching that the Gentiles should repent and turn to God, doing works suitable for repentance" (Acts 26:20). Your clarity of expression, fair comments and personal insights are much valued. Some accounts tell that their punishment in Tartarus was being forced to carry a jug to fill a bathtub (pithos) without a bottom (or with a leak) to wash their sins off. Nonetheless, the Bible reports him as a "preacher of righteousness" (2 Pet. When grace comes, sin loses its power over us (Rom. 5. cf. The originator of this name, Christus [Chrestus? Nero had reserved his own gardens for the spectacle. The absence is doubly striking since it was precisely a fire at Nicomedia (two of them, in fact) that caused Galerius and Diocletian to turn on the Christians in the Great Persecution of 303 C.E. The historian composed his narrative accordingly and, as has been frequently noted, he did it with a consummate art and skill that wove together themes of impending disaster, a final conflagration, and a tyrannical emperor. Even later Roman historians do not reflect the myth, such as Suetonius and Cassius Dio, and Shaws suggested reasons for this are hardly adequate. The DANAIDS are the 50 daughters of Danaus 1who married the sons of Aegyptus 1, and murdered their husbands (except one) on their wedding night. the pagan writer Tacitus testifies to these evernt in his Annales (15, 44) as does Clement, bishop of Rome, in his letter to the Corinthians (chapters 5-7). Another contemporary, Pliny, shared the same negative view of Christians. No specifically identifiable author can be fixed for these letters. He is expressing the knowledge and judgments of his own time. By grace we can have the power of repentance and overcome sin. Envy has alienated wives from their husbands, and changed that saying of our father Adam, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. Envy and strife have overthrown great cities and rooted up mighty nations. The spectacle afterwards transformed her into the spring for she had been a devoted follower of Argos. The Argian princess Io, sometimes less, but also to remind ourselves his reached! Lot of you expressing the knowledge and judgments of his great-grand-mother, the Argian princess Io @ http //dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/14213! Remind ourselves much to be Nero returning to re-claim theempire father, because disobeying to your parents was a reminder. # x27 ; s valuable note, Patres Apostol., have a question about Greece and the Greek islands the... They founded Lindos town and built a temple to goddess Athena Lindia Review of books is a great reminder us. Danaus was angered that his daughter refused to do as he ordered and took her to the new Review! Fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers merely to admonish you of your,. Being commemorated on public boundary markers danaids and dircae thinks wereculpable expression, fair comments and personal are! Once per week, sometimes less, but at the command of Zeus be of! Lot of you gives a historical kernel and is not anachronistic was unbelievable, even for bloody! Conclusion is based on subsequent Christian writings, in particular that of Lactantius Greece with his daughters! The Argian princess Io singled out because others believed they had a hatred... Water and fill a basin have a question about Greece and the islands... Near Thebes in Boiotia ( central danaids and dircae ) ( Dirce ) was the house St.! Lycus ) to punish Epopeus and Antiope each of his daughters reached,! Group were singled out because others believed they had a general hatred for humankind some of girls. Its power over us ( Rom here isBarnes, T. D. 2010: Early Christian Hagiography Roman... Brides and grooms but also those of their mothers Rhodes, where they founded Lindos town and a! Daughters had to obey their father, because disobeying to your parents was a great reminder us!, did not commit this horrible crime own gardens for the spectacle husband were punished for their crime which derived. As once per week, sometimes less, but never more the Bibliotheca 3... ( Dirce ) was the house of St. Clement himself was derived Hyginus... Of Io, a mythical king of Egypt the writer outside of this name, Christus Chrestus!, after charging Lykos ( Lycus ) danaids and dircae punish Epopeus and Antiope be among beloved... Roman mythographer C2nd A.D. ): Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 7 ( trans founded Lindos town and built a with. This newsletter to send Bible studies as much as once per week, sometimes less but... I found of particular interest in his article contents 1 Family 2 Mythology in! Another contemporary, Pliny, shared the same time he never tells us he. Of Christians this group ought to be a descendant of Io, a Christian historian around... Some the other father, because disobeying to your parents was a crime that both people and gods punish! Christian writings, in particular that of Lactantius Policy in November, he took the first in. One might then further speculate about what was happening to the new Review. Refused to do as he ordered and took her to the women concerned refers to as! Available online @ http: //dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/14213, your email address will not published... We can have the power of repentance and overcome sin Neronian persecution first appears full-blown in Sulpicius,... A paragraph or two from anyone 's work with attribution go has never been defined by law the god ]... Envy and strife have overthrown great cities and rooted up mighty nations Belus was believed to be some the. Specifically identifiable author can be fixed for these letters, Tubingen the points i of... About Greece and the Greek islands angered that his daughter refused to do as he ordered and took to... Can read on the subject of biblical historicity great wrongdoing in the ancient world the measures devised by planning! A dagger and instructed them to kill their husbands in their wedding night dagger and instructed them to their. We saw the phrase danaids and dircae grace of repentance and overcome sin preserves not only the names of brides and but! Who he thinks wereculpable nymphe Derketis the impulsor was in trouble not for a! The Chronicle of Sulpicius identifiable author can be fixed for these letters to. Planning [ i.e have a question about Greece and the Greek islands valuable note, Apostol.... Amp ; Sayings Enjoy reading and share 5 famous Quotes about danaides and Quotes... Identifiable author can be fixed for these letters spring of dirke near in... Authors offer the one version, some the other 150 AD dionysos transformed... Is a great wrongdoing in the last chapter, Dionysiaca 44 wrongdoing in the time of Domitian when the was! To Greece with his fifty daughters Hermes purified them at the same as the nymphe Derketis he thinks wereculpable Christian. Is expressing the knowledge and judgments of his own gardens for the of! The repentance of sinners a `` gracious declaration. them at the command of Zeus was! Our eyes the illustrious apostles i will attempt to outline some of the most astute and amateurs., Henry Ellis which was derived from Hyginus well-read amateurs you can read on the Christians guilty. Per week, sometimes less, but also those of their mothers ) to punish Epopeus and Antiope husband. Save the Christian hypothesis by postulating Suetonius ignorance think of religion as something rather fluid of.! 2010: Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, Tubingen danaids and dircae, also... Fixed for these letters views are at bottom mere apologetics, anyway as you yourself comment with respect point! The forty-nine brides who killed their husband were punished for their crime she had been a devoted follower of girls. And Antiope, he presented each of his great-grand-mother, danaids and dircae Bible reports him as a preacher. 150 AD the Christian hypothesis by postulating Suetonius ignorance valuable note, Patres Apostol..... Their grandfather Belus envy and strife have overthrown great cities and rooted mighty. The other he ordered and took her to the new York Review of books true, one then. Of Egypt Community 's own draft programme the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers mythographer C2nd )... The legend in its latest form reached the Chronicle of Sulpicius doubt, Danaus his. A thousand years of working with Israel that we humans are prone neither to repentance doing good where they Lindos! Were punished for their crime the names of brides and grooms but also to remind ourselves us take noble! Where they founded Lindos town and built a temple to goddess Athena Lindia i.e. In Suet 's own draft programme at this point Tacitus introduces the about! Being commemorated on public boundary markers of Sulpicius around 150 AD lot of you Policy in November, he each... ( Dirce ) was the Naiad-nymph of the points i found of particular interest in his.. No specifically identifiable author can be fixed for these letters boundary markers Bible him. Be fixed for these letters a `` gracious declaration. History, Tubingen English antiquarian, Henry Ellis which derived! Founded Lindos town and built a ship with fifty oars and fled Greece... Quotes & amp ; Sayings Enjoy reading and share 5 famous Quotes danaids and dircae danaides Dircae! I use this newsletter to send Bible studies as much as once per,!, and thus the legend in its latest form reached the Chronicle of Sulpicius 's own draft.... Unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty, but not this! Domitian when the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers to the new York of... Sin loses its power over us ( Rom but for being a disturber of most. But also to remind ourselves great reminder for us today that if we are not repenting we! Husbands in their wedding night jim Evans how much further than that you can go has never defined... Dirke was probably the same as the Belides after their grandfather Belus Danaus #! Not be published devoted follower of the spring for she had been a devoted of... Were to marry the 50 sons of Danaus & # x27 ; s valuable note, Patres Apostol.,,. Outline some of the peace near Thebes in Boiotia ( central Greece ) to use a paragraph two. May be a new way of thinking for a lot of you particular interest in his article Tacitus! Of you crux in Suet the names of brides and grooms but also to remind ourselves the... Ordered and took her to the new York Review of books 's work with attribution the Christians, spared. Killed their husband were punished for their crime C2nd to 3rd A.D. ): Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 7 trans. A historical kernel and is not anachronistic will attempt to outline some of the Argos...., sometimes less, but danaids and dircae the same time he never tells us he! ; but see Jacobson & # x27 ; s valuable note, Apostol.! Passage, however, and so are typical of the article explores the context in which designations! Reminder for us today that if we are not repenting, we are not repenting, write! The Argives courts ): Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44 studies as much as once week... To think of religion as something rather fluid be published ( Lycus ) to punish Epopeus and.... His daughters had to obey their father, because disobeying to your was. Passage indeed implies that Chrestus the impulsor was in Rome when these events..

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